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Fig. 2. Source reconstruction methods, results and ventral model specification.a, The main steps of source reconstruction: cortical mesh creation, projection on structural template, co-registration of EEG signal to the template and maximum intensity projection (MIP) for each participant, allowing us to…
From Miriam Vignando et al. (2026), Nature. Mental health: Deviations in effective connectivity explain different hallucination subtypes in Parkinson's disease psychosis · view figure
Figure 1. Gray matter associations with TMT-B&W-A and TMT-B&W-B performance across the base and fully adjusted models. Abbreviations: TMT-B&W-A = Trail-Making Test-Black And White Part A; TMT-B&W-B = Trail-Making Test-Black And White Part B; Base model = unadjusted; Full model = adjusted education, gender,…
From Chanda Simfukwe et al. (2025), Journal of clinical medicine: Associations Between Trail-Making Test Black and White Performance and Gray Matter Volume in Community-Dwelling Cognitively Healthy Adults Aged 40 to 80 Years · view figure
Fig. 2. Brain volume(s) and spinal cord area in patients with spinocerebellar ataxia type 3 (SCA3). a Voxel-based morphometry analysis showed brain volume differences in grey matter (GM, upper left), white matter (WM, upper right) and GM and WM overlaps (bottom) between SCA3 patients and healthy controls…
From Zhi-Xian Ye et al. (2025), Orphanet journal of rare diseases: Associations between CAG repeat size, brain and spinal cord volume loss, and motor symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: a cohort study · view figure
Fig. 3. Brain volume(s) and spinal cord area(s) in patients with different stages of spinocerebellar ataxias type 3 (SCA3). a Voxel-based morphometry analysis showed grey matter (red) and white matter (yellow) volume differences in patients with presymptomatic SCA3, disease duration < 10 years, and disease…
From Zhi-Xian Ye et al. (2025), Orphanet journal of rare diseases: Associations between CAG repeat size, brain and spinal cord volume loss, and motor symptoms in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3: a cohort study · view figure
Figure 3. β maps and LI values in the planning block. (a–c) β maps of participants with LI values close to the median in younger, expert older, and non-expert older groups are shown, respectively. (d) Distribution of LI values for the three participant groups. * p < 0.016. β maps were visualized using the…
From Koki Toyofuku et al. (2024), Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland): Hemispheric Lateralization in Older Adults Who Habitually Play Darts: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy · view figure
Figure 4. β maps and LI values in the calculation block. (a–c) β maps of participants with LI values close to the median in the younger, expert older, and non-expert older groups are shown, respectively. (d) Distribution of LI values for the three participant groups. β maps were visualized using the xjView…
From Koki Toyofuku et al. (2024), Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland): Hemispheric Lateralization in Older Adults Who Habitually Play Darts: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy · view figure
Figure 2. . Region of interest analyses. (A) ROI mask for right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (R-DLPFC) [58 26 38]. A 10 mm sphere was created using the MarsBar toolbox (Brett et al., 2002) and the xjView toolbox (https://www.alivelearn.net/xjview). The image was then projected onto the template using…
From Eric S. Jackson et al. (2022), Neurobiology of language (Cambridge, Mass.): Activation in Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Underlies Stuttering Anticipation · view figure
FIGURE 2. Increased neural response to RMET minus control condition contrasting NSSI and control groups. The whole-brain analysis indicated increased activation during RMET in (A) the left medial superior frontal gyrus in the NSSI group (−10, 32, 36; Z = 3.98) and (B) the right angular gyrus in the control…
From Hyeri Moon et al. (2022), Frontiers in psychiatry: Neural correlates of affective theory of mind in medication-free nonsuicidal self-injury: An fMRI study · view figure
Figure 4. Source map of N1 (time window: 70~200 ms) to the target stimuli under Erotica in healthy volunteers (A), bipolar I disorder patients with (B) and without (C) hypersexuality (generated by xjView 10.0 (http://www.alivelearn.net/xjview (accessed on 18 February 2022)). Left panels show sources overlaid…
From Chu Wang et al. (2022), Brain sciences: Visual Event-Related Potentials under External Emotional Stimuli in Bipolar I Disorder with and without Hypersexuality · view figure
Figure 7. Whole-brain analysis results of regional differences between HS patients and HC. (A) Horizontal images made by xjView based on the result of VBM. (B) Three-dimensional images made by BrainNet Viewer based on the result of VBM.
From Senlin Chen et al. (2022), Frontiers in aging neuroscience: Degeneration of the Sensorimotor Tract in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy and Compensatory Structural Changes in the Brain · view figure
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Blood-brain barrier disruption and sustained systemic inflammation in individuals with long COVID-associated cognitive impairment
Greene, Connolly, Brennan et al
Nat. Neurosci. (2024) 27 (3), 421-432 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01576-9
Greene, Connolly, Brennan et al
Nat. Neurosci. (2024) 27 (3), 421-432 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01576-9
Cited by 404
AI Summary: The xjView software was used in this study to generate volumetric brain maps for comparing COVID+ and COVID− groups, facilitating visualization and analysis of brain imaging data. Its application enabled researchers to effectively interpret and present neuroimaging results, contributing to the identification of blood-brain barrier disruption in long COVID patients with cognitive impairment.
Abstract: Vascular disruption has been implicated in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathogenesis and may predispose to the neurological sequelae associated with long COVID, yet it is unclear how blood-brain barrier (BBB) function is affected in these conditions. Here we show that BBB disruption is evident during acute infection and in patients with long COVID with cognitive impairment, commonly referre...
Snippet: … All scans were performed on the same Philips 3T system at Hammersmith Hospital. Volumetric maps for comparisons between COVID+ and COVID− groups were generated in xjView after automatic brain segmentation in the CAT12 toolbox with default parameters and subsequent smoothing with an 8-mm kernel. …
Race modifies default mode connectivity in Alzheimer's disease
Misiura, Howell, Wu et al
Transl Neurodegener (2020) 9, 8 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0186-4
Misiura, Howell, Wu et al
Transl Neurodegener (2020) 9, 8 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0186-4
Cited by 29
AI Summary: The xjView toolbox was used in this study to manually confirm that the identified brain imaging components accurately contained only the regions of interest within the default mode network subsystems. By enabling precise anatomical verification, xjView contributed to the reliability of the study’s neuroimaging analyses examining race-related differences in Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers.
Abstract: Older African Americans are more likely to develop Alzheimer's disease (AD) than older Caucasians, and this difference cannot be readily explained by cerebrovascular and socioeconomic factors alone. We previously showed that mild cognitive impairment and AD dementia were associated with attenuated increases in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of total and phosphorylated tau in African American...
Snippet: rk subdivisions and coordinates outlined by Andrews-Hanna [36], we identified 11 components that contained our regions of interest for the DMN subsystems. Components were manually confirmed using the xjview toolbox (http://www.alivelearn.net/xjview/) to ensure that they contained only our regions of interest. Regions included the temporal pole (TP), lateral temporal cortex (2 regions;ventrolatera
Neuro-computational account of how mood fluctuations arise and affect decision making
Vinckier, Rigoux, Oudiette et al
Nat Commun (2018) 9 (1), 1708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03774-z
Vinckier, Rigoux, Oudiette et al
Nat Commun (2018) 9 (1), 1708 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03774-z
Cited by 105
AI Summary: The xjView toolbox was used in this study to visualize fMRI results, enabling clear identification and presentation of brain regions implicated in mood and decision-making processes. Its application facilitated the interpretation and communication of neuroimaging findings, contributing to the study’s insights into the neural mechanisms underlying mood fluctuations and their impact on choices.
Abstract: The influence of mood on choices is a well-established but poorly understood phenomenon. Here, we suggest a three-fold neuro-computational account: (1) the integration of positive and negative events over time induce mood fluctuations, (2) which are underpinned by variations in the baseline activities of critical brain valuation regions, (3) which in turn modulate the relative weights assigned to ...
Snippet: cted utility (as computed in the best computational model of choice) respectively. In this last model, the boxcar regressor encompassing the rest period was dropped out. Results were visualized using xjView toolbox (http://www.alivelearn.net/xjview). Code availability All computer codes used during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Data availabi
Learning of distant state predictions by the orbitofrontal cortex in humans
Elliott Wimmer, Büchel
Nat Commun (2019) 10 (1), 2554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10597-z
Elliott Wimmer, Büchel
Nat Commun (2019) 10 (1), 2554 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10597-z
Cited by 63
AI Summary: The authors used xjView, a neuroimaging visualization tool, to display and interpret fMRI activation patterns associated with predictive representations in the orbitofrontal cortex. xjView facilitated the clear presentation and anatomical localization of brain regions involved in learning distant state predictions, supporting the study’s conclusions about neural mechanisms of planning and decision making.
Abstract: Representations of our future environment are essential for planning and decision making. Previous research in humans has demonstrated that the hippocampus is a critical region for forming and retrieving associations, while the medial orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is an important region for representing information about recent states. However, it is not clear how the brain acquires predictive repres...
Goal congruency dominates reward value in accounting for behavioral and neural correlates of value-based decision-making
Frömer, Dean Wolf, Shenhav
Nat Commun (2019) 10 (1), 4926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12931-x
Frömer, Dean Wolf, Shenhav
Nat Commun (2019) 10 (1), 4926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12931-x
Cited by 91
AI Summary: In this paper, the authors used xjView, a neuroimaging visualization tool, to display and interpret brain activation results from their fMRI analyses. The use of xjView facilitated the clear presentation and anatomical localization of neural correlates associated with goal congruency and reward value during value-based decision-making tasks.
Abstract: When choosing between options, whether menu items or career paths, we can evaluate how rewarding each one will be, or how congruent it is with our current choice goal (e.g., to point out the best option or the worst one.). Past decision-making research interpreted findings through the former lens, but in these experiments the most rewarding option was always most congruent with the task goal (choo...
Snippet: l random effects analyses on first-level estimates were performed using SPM with voxel-wise thresholds of p ;... ndom effects analyses on first-level estimates were performed using SPM with voxel-wise thresholds of _p_ ;Page 1. Running head: REWARDS VERSUS GOALS IN VALUE-BASED CHOICE 1 Goal congruency dominates reward value in accounting for behavioral and neural correlates of value-based decision...
Automated item-level measures of verbal fluency in semantic and logopenic primary progressive aphasia
Vonk, Ferrante, Morin et al
Alzheimers Dement (2026) 22 (1), e71124 DOI: 10.1002/alz.71124
Vonk, Ferrante, Morin et al
Alzheimers Dement (2026) 22 (1), e71124 DOI: 10.1002/alz.71124
Cited by 3
AI Summary: The xjView toolbox was used in this paper to visualize brain imaging results, aiding the interpretation of structural MRI findings in the analysis of verbal fluency features in primary progressive aphasia.
Abstract: Verbal fluency tasks are widely used in primary progressive aphasia (PPA), but most studies rely only on total correct responses, overlooking qualitative features of the words produced. We applied a scalable computational framework to extract item-level features from fluency responses in semantic variant (svPPA) and logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA) to test their value for differential diagnosis.We an...
Snippet: pha levels after family‐wise error (FWE) corrections were set at p < 0.05 with a minimum cluster size of 100 voxels. Visualization was performed using xjView toolbox (https://www.alivelearn.net/xjview). To examine brain&
Associations between metabolic syndrome and regional brain iron depositions and cognitive function in middle-aged and older adults: A two multinational cohort study
Zhang, Yang, Wang et al
Alzheimers Dement (2026) 22 (1), e71080 DOI: 10.1002/alz.71080
Zhang, Yang, Wang et al
Alzheimers Dement (2026) 22 (1), e71080 DOI: 10.1002/alz.71080
AI Summary: The paper used xjView to visualize and present the voxel-based analysis results of regional brain iron deposition, aiding in the interpretation of neuroimaging findings related to metabolic syndrome and cognitive function.
Abstract: The alterations of regional brain iron in patients with metabolic syndrome (Mets) and its relationship with cognitive function remain unclear.These analyses utilized data from two prospective cohorts, from the UK Biobank (UKB) (21,346 participants) and from Jinan, China (224 participants). We capitalized brain iron in the striatum and thalamus of UKB. Then voxel-based analysis of quantitative susc...
Snippet: s performed at the voxel‐level p < 0.001 and cluster‐0.05. The results were presented using xjview (http://www.alivelearn.net/xjview) and MRIcron software (
A neuroanatomical and cognitive model of impaired social behaviour in frontotemporal dementia
Rouse, Binney, Patterson et al
Brain (2024) 147 (6), 1953-1966 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae040
Rouse, Binney, Patterson et al
Brain (2024) 147 (6), 1953-1966 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awae040
Cited by 41
AI Summary: The paper utilized xjView, a neuroimaging visualization tool, to display and interpret brain atrophy patterns associated with impaired social behavior in frontotemporal dementia. xjView facilitated the clear presentation of neuroanatomical findings, enhancing the understanding of the distinct brain regions implicated in social and semantic deficits.
Abstract: Impaired social cognition is a core deficit in frontotemporal dementia (FTD). It is most commonly associated with the behavioural-variant of FTD, with atrophy of the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Social cognitive changes are also common in semantic dementia, with atrophy centred on the anterior temporal lobes. The impairment of social behaviour in FTD has typically been attribu...
Snippet: Key insights into the organisation of semantic memory in the brain have been derived from semantic dementia, a subtype of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) associated with
Behavioural changes in frontotemporal dementia and their cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates
Rouse, Husain, Garrard et al
Brain (2025) 148 (8), 2730-2745 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaf061
Rouse, Husain, Garrard et al
Brain (2025) 148 (8), 2730-2745 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaf061
Cited by 11
AI Summary: The xjView toolbox was used in this study to visualize brain imaging results, helping to illustrate the neuroanatomical correlates of behavioural changes in frontotemporal dementia.
Abstract: Behavioural changes are a central feature of frontotemporal dementia (FTD); they occur in both behavioural-variant (bvFTD) and semantic dementia (SD)/semantic-variant primary progressive aphasia subtypes. In this study, we addressed two current clinical knowledge gaps: (i) are there qualitative or clear distinctions between behavioural profiles in bvFTD and SD; and (ii) what are the precise roles ...
Snippet: ty of false discovery rate [P(FDR)] < 0.05, based on an initial voxel-level threshold of P < 0.001. Results were visualized using the xjView toolbox (https://www.alivelearn.net/xjview) and brain regions
Environmental concern as a moderator of information processing: A fMRI study
Gómez-Carmona, Marín-Dueñas, Tenorio et al
Journal of Cleaner Production (2022) 369, 133306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133306
Gómez-Carmona, Marín-Dueñas, Tenorio et al
Journal of Cleaner Production (2022) 369, 133306 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.133306
Cited by 25
AI Summary: xjView, a neuroimaging visualization tool, was used in this study to display and interpret fMRI activation results related to environmental message processing. Its application enabled clear identification and presentation of brain regions involved, thereby enhancing the study’s analysis of how environmental concern moderates information processing.
Snippet: The psychological processes that predict behaviour can be influenced by the approaches taken in environmental awareness messages. The persuasiveness generated by
Effects of psychosis-associated genetic markers on brain volumetry: a systematic review of replicated findings and an independent validation
Vouga Ribeiro, Tavares, Bramon et al
Psychol Med (2022) 52 (16), 1-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722002896
Vouga Ribeiro, Tavares, Bramon et al
Psychol Med (2022) 52 (16), 1-16 DOI: 10.1017/S0033291722002896
AI Summary: The xjView toolbox (v10.0) was used in this study to anatomically map significant and trend-level neuroimaging results, facilitating the visualization and interpretation of brain regions associated with psychosis-related genetic markers. Its application contributed to the clear presentation of voxel-based morphometry findings, supporting the study’s analysis of genetic effects on brain structure.
Abstract: Given psychotic illnesses' high heritability and associations with brain structure, numerous neuroimaging-genetics findings have been reported in the last two decades. However, few findings have been replicated. In the present independent sample we aimed to replicate any psychosis-implicated SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms), which had previously shown at least two main effects on brain volum...
Snippet: In all analyses, significant and trend results were mapped anatomically using the 'xjview' toolbox (v10.0) (https://www.alivelearn.net/xjview) and, in the case of large
Neural mechanisms of emotional health in traumatic brain injury patients undergoing rTMS treatment
Sultana, Hasan, Kang et al
Molecular Psychiatry (2023) 28 (12), 5150-5158 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02159-z
Sultana, Hasan, Kang et al
Molecular Psychiatry (2023) 28 (12), 5150-5158 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02159-z
Cited by 21
AI Summary: The xjView software was utilized in this study to visualize and interpret the brain regions and networks identified through fMRI analysis, facilitating the clear presentation of effective connectivity changes associated with rTMS treatment in TBI patients. By enabling detailed mapping of the affected regions, xjView contributed to the study’s ability to highlight key neural mechanisms underlying improvements in emotional health.
Abstract: Emotional dysregulation such as that seen in depression, are a long-term consequence of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), that can be improved by using neuromodulation treatments such as repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Previous studies provide insights into the changes in functional connectivity related to general emotional health after the application of rTMS procedures in p...
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Altered long-range visual hierarchical connectivity in internet gaming disorder: reduced V1-LOC connectivity and its association with addiction severity
Tian, Zhang, Wang et al
Front Psychiatry (2026) 17, 1883842
Tian, Zhang, Wang et al
Front Psychiatry (2026) 17, 1883842
Abstract: Neuroimaging studies of internet gaming disorder (IGD) have primarily focused on reward-related and executive-control networks. However, sensory processing of addiction-related cues, particularly visual processing, may also contribute to IGD. Whether the intrinsic hierarchical organization of the visual system is altered remains unclear.The study included 35 individuals with IGD and 30 healthy controls (HCs), with an overall age range of 9-33 years. The sample was predominantly composed of adolescents. An a priori three-level visual hierarchy model comprising the primary visual cortex (V1), lingual gyrus, and lateral occipital cortex (LOC) was constructed. Functional connectivity (FC) was calculated for the V1-Lingual, Lingual-LOC, and V1-LOC pathways. A hierarchical integration index (HII), derived from V1-LOC and V1-Lingual connectivity, was calculated to assess long-range relative to local visual coupling. Group differences were assessed using MANCOVA with follow-up univariate analyses and FDR correction. Within the IGD group, associations between IAT scores and all visual hierarchical measures were examined using Pearson and covariate-adjusted partial correlations with FDR correction.V1-LOC connectivity was significantly reduced in the IGD group compared with HCs (HC: 0.364 ± 0.132; IGD: 0.130 ± 0.189; F(1,59) = 30.809; FDR-corrected p < 0.001; partial η2 = 0.343). V1-Lingual and Lingual-LOC connectivity did not show significant group differences, although their effect sizes were small-to-moderate (Cohen's d = 0.32 and 0.40, respectively). The HII was numerically lower in IGD but did not reach statistical significance (t = 1.90, p = 0.062; Cohen's d = 0.46). Within the IGD group, lower V1-LOC connectivity was associated with higher IAT scores (r = -0.479, FDR-corrected p = 0.016), and this association remained significant after controlling for age, sex, education, and mean FD (partial r = -0.447, FDR-corrected p = 0.048).IGD is associated with altered long-range hierarchical connectivity within the visual system, particularly between early visual cortex and higher-order LOC. These findings provide a sensory-level perspective complementing reward- and control-centered accounts of IGD.Copyright © 2026 Tian, Zhang, Wang, Zhang, Ma, Mei, Zhang, Lang, Wei, Han, Lv and Zhang.
Differential cross-modal functional plasticity in deaf individuals: A meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies
Zuo, Li, Wang et al
iScience (2026) 29 (10), 117610
Zuo, Li, Wang et al
iScience (2026) 29 (10), 117610
Abstract: A manifest condition of brain plasticity is cross-modal plasticity in deafness, wherein auditory-deprived cortices are recruited by intact sensory modalities. While cross-modal plasticity is well documented, the underlying principles remain debated, centering on the functional change and functional preservation principles. To quantitatively evaluate these principles, we conducted the largest coordinate-based meta-analysis to date, synthesizing 47 studies (801 deaf and 880 hearing participants) spanning linguistic and non-linguistic tasks. Deaf individuals exhibited consistent cross-modal activation in the bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG). The left anterior STG was selectively recruited during linguistic tasks, consistent with preserved language function, whereas the left posterior and right STG were engaged across both task types, suggesting a shift toward domain-general visual processing. Cross-modal activation was lateralized, with linguistic tasks engaging the left STG and non-linguistic tasks the right. These findings support a differential cross-modal plasticity framework, wherein functional preservation and change coexist across distinct STG subregions.© 2026 The Authors.
Multimodal MRI Characterization of Structural and Resting-State Functional Brain Alterations in Patients with Low Back Pain: A Retrospective Study
Sun, Lin, Zhang et al
Diagnostics (Basel) (2026) 16 (16)
Sun, Lin, Zhang et al
Diagnostics (Basel) (2026) 16 (16)
Abstract: Background/Objectives: Low back pain (LBP) is associated with central alterations, but convergence across structural, functional, and network measures remains unclear. We characterized multimodal differences. Methods: Resting-state fMRI included 69 participants (37 patients, 32 controls); VBM retained 23 patients and 32 controls after structural-image quality control. Structural, local functional, and thalamic-connectivity measures were assessed. Motion control used realignment-based exclusion and Friston-24 nuisance regression. Mean Power framewise displacement was additionally calculated for all participants and compared between groups, and VBM-retained and excluded patients were compared. Models adjusted for age and sex, plus total intracranial volume for VBM. Directional maps underwent one-tailed Gaussian random field correction (voxel p < 0.001; cluster p < 0.05), without cross-direction or cross-family correction. Extracted-value and imaging-clinical analyses were exploratory. Results: Mean framewise displacement did not differ between groups. Patients showed lower gray matter volume in thalamic-hippocampal regions and right cerebellar lobule VIII and lower local functional measures in thalamic, orbitofrontal-striatal, and right temporal regions. Thalamic connectivity with sensorimotor, parietal, supplementary motor, and middle cingulate regions was higher. Nominal analyses showed positive left thalamic connectivity cluster 1-VAS and negative left cluster 1-JOA and right clusters 1/2-JOA; none survived false-discovery-rate correction. Conclusions: Multimodal MRI delineated lower thalamic structural and local functional measures alongside higher thalamo-sensorimotor and thalamo-parietal connectivity. Nominal, directionally coherent clinical associations remain hypothesis-generating. This thalamus-centered pattern warrants replication in prospectively matched, clinically stratified cohorts.
Microstructural alterations in brain tissue of ME/CFS and long COVID using diffusion tensor imaging and diffusion kurtosis imaging
Singh, Marshall-Gradisnik, Barnden et al
Front Med (Lausanne) (2026) 13, 1824498
Singh, Marshall-Gradisnik, Barnden et al
Front Med (Lausanne) (2026) 13, 1824498
Abstract: Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) and long COVID have overlapping symptoms, such as profound fatigue, cognitive impairment, post-exertional malaise, pain and sleep disturbances that are debilitating and reduce quality of life. While Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) techniques, specifically Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging (DKI), have been used to investigate brain tissue microstructure in ME/CFS or long COVID, no study has yet combined these modalities to directly compare tissue microstructural differences between people living with ME/CFS and long COVID.We recruited 37 ME/CFS participants (Age: 43.56 ± 12.5), 19 long COVID participants (Age: 47.92 ± 13.3), and 27 healthy controls (Age: 37.9 ± 10.4). Data were acquired using a 3 Tesla (3T) Prisma MRI scanner. DTI and DKI metrics were determined using MRtrix v3.0.7 and Designer V2.0 software, respectively. Voxel-based statistical analysis of cohort differences was performed using the Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM12) toolbox in MATLAB. Correlation analysis was performed between DTI, DKI metrics and clinical measures such as duration of illness, fatigue severity, SF36 domains and WHODAS domains.Compared with healthy controls, individuals with ME/CFS showed microstructural alterations in the cingulum, supplementary motor areas, and parts of the corpus callosum (all p < 0.05). Long COVID participants demonstrated microstructural alterations in regions including the fusiform and precentral gyrus and in major white matter tracks (all p < 0.05). Direct comparisons between ME/CFS and long COVID revealed difference in the left corona radiata (p = 0.001).This study identifies distinct tissue microstructural alterations in ME/CFS and long COVID and offers a vital insight into the neuropathological basis of shared symptoms in both conditions.Copyright © 2026 Singh, Marshall-Gradisnik, Barnden, Eaton-Fitch, Huynh, Inderyas and Thapaliya.
Oxytocin modulates the neurocomputational mechanisms engaged in learning rank relationships in social networks
Liu, Qu, Philippe et al
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2026) 123 (25), e2606871123
Liu, Qu, Philippe et al
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A (2026) 123 (25), e2606871123
Abstract: Indirect evidence from preclinical and neuropharmacological studies suggests that oxytocin may attenuate social dominance relationships and modulate social memory. In humans, oxytocin may also modulate self- versus other-oriented reward learning and in-group/out-group decisions differently. Although the neural bases of learning social hierarchy by observation have been identified for linear hierarchies (a1 < a2 < an), the brain mechanisms engaged in learning more complex rank relationships (i.e. <, =, >) in social networks remain unknown. Here, we investigated the modulatory role of oxytocin on the neurocomputational mechanisms engaged when learning ranks in social networks and when making transitive inferences based on social memory retrieval. Participants learned rank relationships between members of two social networks, one in which they were embedded and the other not. During a subsequent test phase, they inferred rank relationships between pairs of members not encountered before. During training, oxytocin (vs. placebo) improved choice accuracy regarding rank relationship between pairs of members for other-oriented network and increased activity of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. During the test phase, oxytocin modulated the balance between self/other social memory, boosting performance and amygdala responses for memory retrieval concerning social networks in which participants were not embedded. These findings demonstrate that oxytocin modulates the brain computations needed to learn and retrieve rank relationships in social networks in a manner that depends upon reference-frame.
Examining structural brain changes in patients with PTSD following cognitive processing therapy
Bernacki, Kolesar, Patel et al
Front Psychiatry (2026) 17, 1821652
Bernacki, Kolesar, Patel et al
Front Psychiatry (2026) 17, 1821652
Abstract: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric condition occurring following exposure to psychological trauma. Neuroimaging studies have highlighted neuroanatomical differences in individuals with PTSD. Cognitive Processing Therapy (CPT) is an evidence-based frontline treatment for PTSD. Although CPT has shown success in decreasing clinical symptom severity, its underlying neural mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesize that structural changes occur following CPT within key brain regions that have previously been linked to PTSD.Fifty-six participants, including patients with PTSD (n = 32) and healthy controls (n = 24), underwent T1-weighted structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) scans at baseline and follow-up. The PTSD group completed a twelve-week CPT treatment, while the controls did not undergo any treatment. To investigate the effects of successful CPT treatment, four participants who did not respond to treatment were excluded from analyses. T1-weighted images were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness was estimated within pre-defined regions-of-interest. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, radial diffusivity, and axial diffusivity were estimated using DTI.Significant interactions between group and time were observed in both grey matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume analyses - decreased left thalamic GM volume and increased left cerebellar WM volume were observed in patients with PTSD, following CPT treatment. Furthermore, a significant interaction between group and time showed increased fractional anisotropy in the left cerebellum following treatment in the PTSD group. Cortical thickness and other DTI-related measures did not differ.Our findings suggest that CPT leads to neuroanatomical changes in the thalamus and the cerebellum, and these may be associated with lasting effects of CPT-related benefits in PTSD.Copyright © 2026 Bernacki, Kolesar, Patel, Beheshti, Wright and Ko.
Visualizing pain-processing networks with 7T resting-state functional MRI using pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling
Nowacki, Waber, Rosner et al
Sci Rep (2026) 16 (1)
Nowacki, Waber, Rosner et al
Sci Rep (2026) 16 (1)
Abstract: Arterial spin labeling (ASL) at ultra‑high field MRI at 7 T provides enhanced signal‑to‑noise ratio and spatial resolution, enabling more sensitive functional imaging. The objective of this study was to investigate regional perfusion changes and their relationship to perceived pain during sustained capsaicin‑induced nociception. Twenty‑seven healthy right‑handed volunteers (mean age 31.9 ± 4.1 years; 12 female) underwent two MRI sessions: at baseline and during capsaicin-induced tonic pain. Participants rated pain and were classified as responders or weak responders. MRI included T1‑weighted structural imaging, resting BOLD‑fMRI and 3D turbo‑FLASH pCASL. Images were segmented, normalized to MNI space, and CBF maps calculated. Mean CBF was extracted from gray matter and 10 predefined pain‑matrix regions. Voxel‑wise linear regression analyzed correlations between CBF and pain ratings, with false discovery rate correction. Group differences between responders and weak responders were assessed voxel‑wise. Global gray matter CBF was unchanged between baseline and capsaicin conditions and did not differ by responder status. However, CBF increased significantly with pain in a network including the contralateral insular cortex, primary and secondary somatosensory cortices, supplementary motor area, bilateral anterior cingulate cortex, right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and contralateral thalamus. Average perfusion in these regions rose by 8-15% and correlated strongly with pain scores (r ≈ 0.66; p < 0.001). Weak responders showed higher CBF in right fusiform and bilateral primary visual cortices and lower CBF in bilateral superior frontal gyrus compared with responders. In conclusion, pCASL at 7 T enables quantitative mapping of brain perfusion during sustained pain. Sustained capsaicin stimulation increases regional CBF in a distributed cortico‑subcortical network, with perfusion changes closely tracking perceived pain intensity. These findings demonstrate that tonic nociception engages broader associative networks and highlight the utility of ultra‑high field ASL for studying chronic pain mechanisms.© 2026. The Author(s).
Assessing subcortical, brainstem and cerebellar metabolic patterns using [18F]FDG PET-CT imaging in dementia with Lewy bodies
Loewenstein, van Grinsven, de Pont et al
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2026) 53 (11), 6167-6183
Loewenstein, van Grinsven, de Pont et al
Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging (2026) 53 (11), 6167-6183
Abstract: Numerous clinical features of Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB) are attributed to dysfunction in subcortical anatomy. Despite this, [18F]FDG PET imaging as a diagnostic tool for DLB largely relies on the metabolic signature of the occipital lobe, precuneus, and posterior cingulate cortex. This study aimed to assess subcortical brain metabolism in patients with DLB using [18F]FDG PET imaging.Patients diagnosed with probable DLB were included from both a prospectively maintained regional database (n = 33), and the ADNI database (n = 43). Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) analysis, metabolic activity was compared with a cohort of subjects exhibiting normal brain metabolism (n = 19). A sub-analysis was conducted with disease progression included as a covariate.Hypermetabolism was observed in various subcortical regions, notably in the dentate nucleus, anterolateral thalamus, and regions of the superior cerebellar peduncle. Increased metabolism was also detected in the mesencephalic tectum, likely representing heightened activity in the superior colliculus. All findings were reproduced in the ADNI cohort and were found to be dependent on the DLB disease stage. Additionally, the well-established cortical hypometabolic signature of DLB pathology was evident, validating our methods and findings.Increased metabolic activity is evident in a variety of brainstem, cerebellar, and subcortical regions in patients with DLB. The dentatorubrothalamic tract, in particular, emerges as a structure of interest that connects these structures and potentially helps in understanding DLB pathophysiology. Correction for disease stage eliminated this pattern, suggesting a driver associated with disease progression.© 2026. The Author(s).
Structural changes in gray matter and white matter across the Alzheimer's disease continuum
Lin, Xue, Wang et al
Front Neurosci (2026) 20, 1853132
Lin, Xue, Wang et al
Front Neurosci (2026) 20, 1853132
Abstract: The pathophysiological spectrum of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a continuum, with the AT(N) framework defining stages based on the presence of Aβ pathology, tau pathology, and neurodegeneration. However, the spatial characteristics of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) changes at different stages remain insufficiently defined. This study aimed to establish a cross-sectional cohort of the AD continuum using the AT(N) staging system and systematically delineate the spatial features of GM and WM changes across this spectrum.This study included subjects across the AD continuum with defined AT(N) stages [n = 178, including A-T- cognitive normal (CN), A + T- CN, A + T + CN, A + T + mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and A + T + AD subgroups]. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to assess GM volume changes. Tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) was employed to analyze WM microstructure alterations using fractional anisotropy (FA). Group comparisons were performed to characterize the pattern of brain structural alterations across different AT(N) stages. Correlation analyses were performed to assess correlations of GM and WM changes with AD neuropathology and with cognitive function, respectively.A region-specific pattern of GM volume atrophy was observed: hippocampal (HIP) volume atrophy was most pronounced in the A + T- CN subgroup. The parahippocampal gyrus (PHG), amygdala (AMYG), and fusiform gyrus (FFG) showed volume atrophy in the A + T + CN subgroup. In the A + T + MCI and A + T + AD subgroups, extensive GM volume reduction involved global GM regions. For WM alterations, reduced FA values were observed in the hippocampal cingulum (CgH) at the A + T + CN stage. In A + T + MCI and A + T + AD subgroups, a broader scope of WM FA reduction was observed. Correlation analyses revealed that HIP volume was positively associated with CgH FA values and Aβ levels, while both HIP volume and CgH FA values were negatively associated with P-tau levels, and both HIP volume and CgH FA values positively correlated with global cognition and memory performance.GM and WM alterations are widespread in the AD continuum. Early selective GM volume loss and impaired WM axonal integrity are associated with pathological processes in AD.Copyright © 2026 Lin, Xue, Wang, Chen, Sheng, Sun, Sui, Zou, Lian, Peng, Zhang and Wang.
Sensitivity of the human temporal voice areas to nonhuman primate vocalizations
Ceravolo, Debracque, Gruber et al
Elife (2026) 14
Ceravolo, Debracque, Gruber et al
Elife (2026) 14
Abstract: In recent years, research on voice processing in the human brain, particularly the study of temporal voice areas (TVAs), was dedicated almost exclusively to conspecific vocalizations. To characterize commonalities and differences regarding primate vocalization representations in the human brain, the inclusion of closely related nonhuman primates, namely chimpanzees and bonobos, is needed. We hypothesized that neural commonalities would depend on both phylogenetic and acoustic proximities, with chimpanzees ranking closest to Homo. Presenting human participants (N = 23) with the vocalizations of four primate species (rhesus macaques, chimpanzees, bonobos, and humans) and regressing-out relevant acoustic parameters using three distinct analyses, we observed within-TVA, sample-specific, bilateral anterior superior temporal gyrus activity for chimpanzee vocalizations compared to: all other species; nonhuman primates; and human vocalizations. Within-TVA activity was also observed for macaque vocalizations. Our results provide evidence for subregions of the TVA that respond principally, but not exclusively, to phylogenetically and acoustically close nonhuman primate vocalizations, namely those of chimpanzees.© 2025, Ceravolo, Debracque et al.
Neural integration of affective prosodic and semantic cues in non-literal forms of speech understanding
Wittmann, Ceravolo, Mayr et al
Imaging Neurosci (Camb) (2026) 4
Wittmann, Ceravolo, Mayr et al
Imaging Neurosci (Camb) (2026) 4
Abstract: Emotions in speech are conveyed through both semantics and prosody-voice 'melody', yet how listeners integrate these cues in the brain remains unclear. We investigated non-literal forms of speech, such as irony and sarcasm, where understanding beyond literal meaning relies on the dynamic interplay between affective prosodic and semantic cues, alongside the theory of mind (ToM). We used functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants listened to short dialogues between two characters, which varied in prosody and semantics to convey either literal or non-literal meanings. Behaviorally, semantics and prosody interacted in shaping participants' evaluations, although the data suggest a prosody dominance effect. Non-literal speech engaged a distributed network, including the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, temporal speech regions, and ToM areas, with ROI analyses revealing heterogeneous prosody-semantics integration profiles across regions and tasks. Taken together, our data clarify the behavioral and neural underpinnings of the integration of prosody and semantics in non-literal speech and open new avenues in this field.© 2026 The Authors. Published under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) license.
Multi-metric resting-state fMRI reveals brain network abnormalities underlying cognitive impairment in male patients during methamphetamine abstinence
Yang, Hou, Zeng et al
BMC Psychiatry (2026) 26 (1)
Yang, Hou, Zeng et al
BMC Psychiatry (2026) 26 (1)
Abstract: Methamphetamine (MA) use disorder leads to persistent cognitive impairment, but the underlying neural mechanisms during abstinence remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate brain functional abnormalities in male methamphetamine-abstinent patients and their associations with cognitive impairment using multiple resting-state fMRI metrics.Twenty-five male MA-abstinent patients (Disease Group, DG) and twenty-nine healthy controls (Healthy Control Group, HC) were recruited, and rs-fMRI data were collected. Multimodal analysis methods, including regional homogeneity (ReHo), fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF), seed-based functional connectivity (FC), and independent component analysis (ICA), were employed to assess local spontaneous activity, hippocampal-centered functional connectivity, and large-scale resting-state network abnormalities. Cognitive function was evaluated using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Group differences were compared using independent-samples t-tests, and brain-behavior relationships were analyzed using partial correlation and interaction models.Compared with the HC group, the DG group showed reduced fALFF in several regions, including the left fusiform gyrus and right inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis, using a voxel-level threshold of p < 0.005 combined with cluster-level FWE correction at p < 0.05. Reduced ReHo was also observed in the right inferior frontal gyrus pars triangularis using a voxel-level threshold of p < 0.05 combined with cluster-level FWE correction at p < 0.05. Seed-based functional connectivity analysis revealed widespread enhanced right hippocampal functional connectivity in the DG group using a voxel-level threshold of p < 0.005 combined with cluster-level FWE correction at p < 0.05. ICA identified abnormal functional connectivity in the default mode, auditory, and somatomotor networks, with all findings surviving cluster-level FWE correction at p < 0.05. Right hippocampus-right inferior temporal gyrus connectivity was strongly positively correlated with MoCA total score in the DG group (r = 0.765, p < 0.001), and this association was significantly stronger in the DG group than in the HC group.Male MA-abstinent patients exhibit multi-layered brain functional abnormalities involving local activity, functional connectivity, and large-scale networks. These abnormalities, together with the disease-specific associations between right hippocampal functional connectivity and cognitive performance, suggest a potential role for right hippocampal networks in cognitive impairment during methamphetamine abstinence in men.© 2026. The Author(s).
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